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Bioprospecting Endophytic Bacillus pumilus PhS 6-1 from Phyllanthus acidus: A Source of Antimicrobial and Plant Growth-Promoting Compounds
Abstract
Bacillus pumilus, PhS 6-1, was isolated from the stem of Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels. In the present work, the metabolite extracted from this endophyte was investigated for antibacterial, antioxidant, antiglycation, and cytotoxic activities. The extract showed antibacterial activity against clinically important bacteria: Escherichia coli (11.33 ± 0.58 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (20.67 ± 1.15 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (19.33 ± 1.15 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.33 ± 1.53 mm), Bacillus cereus (18.00 ± 0.00 mm), and multidrug-resistant S. aureus (17.33 ± 0.58 mm). The MIC values for all tested bacterial species ranged from 12.5 to 25 mg/mL, while the MBC values ranged from 50 to >100 mg/mL. The extract exhibited mild antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 12.77 ± 3.34 and showed no antiglycation activity. The total phenolic content was 39.39 ± 1.06 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g. The hemolytic assay revealed low hemolytic activity (18.06 ± 2.9% lysis), indicating good biocompatibility. PhS 6-1 also showed strong antagonistic effects against phytopathogenic fungi, particularly Pythium sp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Plant growth-promoting capabilities, such as nitrogen fixation and potassium solubilization, were observed, highlighting its potential in sustainable agriculture. GC–MS profiling of the ethyl acetate extract identified twelve compounds, including 2,3-butanediol, nonane, undecane, 1-tridecene, 1-pentadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-nonadecene, 1-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, behenic alcohol, 9-octadecenoic acid, N-tetracosanol, and 17-pentatriacontene. Finally, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis confirmed PhS 6-1 as Bacillus pumilus with 99.93% identity.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36462/H.BioSci.202510
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